- Vignette de la CROIX
ROUGE FRANCAISE, RED CROSS,
- Rotes Kreuz,Croce
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- vignette d´Espagne neuve
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- Jean Henri Dunant Sa vie: 8 mai
1828-Octobre 30, 1910) est une étude de contrastes. Il est né dans
une riche maison mais il est mort dans un hospice; à l´âge mûr, il
juxtapose grande renommée grâce à l´obscurité totale, et le succès
dans les affaires de faillite, dans la vieillesse, il a été
pratiquement exilé de la société genevoise dont il avait été
autrefois un ornement et il est mort dans une chambre solitaire,
laissant un testament amer. Son humanitarisme passionné était la
seule constante dans sa vie, et la Croix-Rouge de son monument
vivant. Le ménage de Genève dans laquelle Henri Dunant est né était
religieux, humanitaire, et de civisme. Dans la première partie de
son Dunant vie engagée très au sérieux dans les activités
religieuses et pendant un certain temps à plein temps de travail en
tant que représentant des Young Men Christian Association,
voyageant en France, la Belgique et la Hollande. Quand il eut
vingt-six ans, Dunant entré dans le monde de l´entreprise en tant
que représentant de la Compagnie genevoise des colonies de Sétif en
Afrique du Nord et en Sicile. En 1858, il publie son premier livre,
Notice sur la Régence de Tunis [Un compte de la Régence de Tunis],
composé pour la majeure partie des observations de voyage, mais
contenant un chapitre remarquable, une longue, dont il a publié
séparément en 1863, intitulé L´Esclavage chez les musulmans et aux
Etats-Unis d´Amérique [l´esclavage chez les mahométans et aux
États-Unis d´Amérique]. Ayant fait son apprentissage commercial,
Dunant a conçu un plan audacieux financier, faisant lui-même
président de la Direction Financière et Industrielle Société de
Mons-Gémila Mills en Algérie (éventuellement au capital de
100.000.000 francs) d´exploiter une grande étendue de terre.
Nécessitant des droits d´eau, il résolut de prendre son plaidoyer
directement à l´empereur Napoléon III. Sans se laisser décourager
par le fait que Napoléon était dans le domaine de diriger les
armées françaises qui, avec les Italiens, cherchaient à chasser les
Autrichiens de l´Italie, Dunant a fait son chemin au siège de
Napoléon, près de la ville du nord italienne de Solferino. Il y
arriva à temps pour assister et de participer à la suite de, l´une
des batailles les plus sanglantes du XIXe siècle. Sa prise de
conscience et la conscience aiguisée, il a publié en 1862 un petit
livre Un Souvenir de Solférino [ Un Souvenir de Solférino ],
destinée à le rendre célèbre. Un mémoire a trois thèmes. La
première est celle de la bataille elle-même. Le deuxième représente
le champ de bataille après les combats - de son «désordre
chaotique, le désespoir indicible, et la misère de toutes sortes» -
et raconte l´histoire principale de l´effort pour soigner les
blessés dans la petite ville de Castiglione. Le troisième thème est
un plan. Les nations du monde devraient constituer des sociétés de
secours pour fournir des soins aux blessés en temps de guerre;
chaque société doit être parrainé par un conseil d´administration
composé de personnalités éminentes de la nation, devrait faire
appel à tout le monde à faire du bénévolat, devrait former ces
bénévoles pour aider les blessés sur le champ de bataille et pour
s´occuper d´eux plus tard, jusqu´à ce qu´ils récupéré. Le 7 Février
1863, la Société genevoise d´utilité publique [Genève Société pour
la protection du public] a nommé un comité de cinq personnes, dont
Dunant, à examiner la possibilité de mettre ce plan en action. Avec
son appel en faveur d´une conférence internationale, ce comité, en
effet, a fondé la Croix-Rouge. Dunant, versant son argent et de
temps en la cause, se sont rendus sur la plupart de l´Europe
d´obtenir des promesses de gouvernements à envoyer des
représentants. La conférence, qui s´est tenue du 26 Octobre au 29
avec trente-neuf délégués de seize nations participantes, a
approuvé certaines résolutions radicales et jeté les bases d´un
rassemblement de plénipotentiaires. Le 22 Août 1864, douze pays ont
signé un traité international, communément connu sous le nom de la
Convention de Genève, en acceptant de garantir la neutralité du
personnel sanitaire, afin d´accélérer les fournitures pour leur
utilisation, et d´adopter un emblème spécial identifier - dans
presque tous les cas, une croix rouge sur un champ de blanc 1 .
Dunant avait transformé une idée personnelle dans un traité
international. Mais son travail n´est pas terminé. Il a approuvé
les efforts visant à étendre la portée de la Croix-Rouge pour
couvrir personnel de la marine en temps de guerre, et en temps de
paix pour atténuer les difficultés causées par les catastrophes
naturelles. En 1866, il a écrit une brochure intitulée la Société
universelle et internationale pour la renaissance de l´Orient ,
exposant un plan visant à créer une colonie neutre en Palestine. En
1867, il a élaboré un plan pour un projet d´édition appelé
«international et de la Bibliothèque universelle» qui sera composé
des grands chefs-d´œuvre de tous les temps. En 1872, il a
convoqué une conférence pour établir la «Alliance universelle de
l´ordre et de la civilisation» qui consiste à examiner la nécessité
d´une convention internationale sur le traitement des prisonniers
de guerre et pour le règlement des différends internationaux par
des tribunaux d´arbitrage plutôt que par la guerre. Les huit années
de 1867 à 1875 s´est avéré être un contraste frappant avec ceux de
1859-1867. En 1867, Dunant a fait faillite. Les droits sur l´eau
n´avait pas été accordée, la société avait été mal gérée dans
l´Afrique du Nord, et Dunant lui-même avait été concentrant son
attention sur les poursuites humanitaires, et non pas des
entreprises commerciales. Après la catastrophe, qui impliquait un
grand nombre de ses amis de Genève, Dunant n´était plus le bienvenu
dans la société genevoise. Dans quelques années, il a été
littéralement vie au niveau du mendiant. Il fut un temps, dit-il 2
, quand il dînait sur ??une croûte de pain, noirci à l´encre de son
manteau, son col blanchi à la craie, dormi dehors. Pour les vingt
prochaines années, de 1875 à 1895, Dunant a disparu dans la
solitude. Après de brefs séjours dans des lieux différents, il
s´installe à Heiden, un petit village suisse. Voici un instituteur
du village nommé Wilhelm Sonderegger l´ai trouvé en 1890 et en a
informé le monde que Dunant était vivant, mais le monde a pris note
peu. Parce qu´il était malade, Dunant a été déplacée en 1892 à
l´hospice de Heiden. Et ici, dans la salle 12, il a passé les
dix-huit dernières années de sa vie. Non, cependant, comme un
inconnu. Après 1895, quand il était une fois de plus retrouvé, le
monde entassé les prix et récompenses sur lui. Malgré les prix et
les honneurs, Dunant n´a pas bougé de la chambre 12. À sa mort, il
n´y avait pas de cérémonie funéraire, pas de pleureuses, pas de
cortège. Conformément à ses souhaits, il a été porté à sa tombe
«comme un chien» 3 . Dunant n´avait pas dépensé de l´argent de prix
qu´il avait reçues. Il a légué quelques legs à ceux qui avaient
pris soin de lui dans l´hôpital du village, doté un «lit de libre»,
qui devait être à la disposition du malade parmi les populations
les plus pauvres dans le village, et laissa le reste à des
entreprises philanthropiques en Norvège et en
Suisse.
- Jean Henri
Dunant (May 8, 1828 – October 30, 1910), also known as Henry
Dunant, was a Swiss businessman and social activist. During a
business trip in 1859, he was witness to the aftermath of the
Battle of Solferino in modern day Italy. He recorded his memories
and experiences in the book A Memory of Solferino which inspired
the creation of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)
in 1863. The 1864 Geneva Convention was based on Dunant´s ideas. In
1901 he received the first Nobel Peace Prize together with Frédéric
Passy.
- Red Cross (ICRC) in 1863. The 1864 Geneva
Convention was based on Dunant´s ideas. In 1901 he received the
first Nobel Peace Prize together with Frédéric
Passy.
- Jean
Henri Dunant (May 8, 1828 – October 30, 1910), also known as
Henry Dunant, was a Swiss businessman and social activist. During a
business trip in 1859, he was witness to the aftermath of the
Battle of Solferino in modern day Italy. He recorded his memories
and experiences in the book A Memory of Solferino which inspired
the creation of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)
in 1863. The 1864 Geneva Convention was based on Dunant´s ideas. In
1901 he received the first Nobel Peace Prize together with Frédéric
Passy.
- Jean Henri
Dunant (May 8, 1828 – October 30, 1910), also known as Henry
Dunant, was a Swiss businessman and social activist. During a
business trip in 1859, he was witness to the aftermath of the
Battle of Solferino in modern day Italy. He recorded his memories
and experiences in the book A Memory of Solferino which inspired
the creation of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)
in 1863. The 1864 Geneva Convention was based on Dunant´s ideas. In
1901 he received the first Nobel Peace Prize together with Frédéric
Passy.
Early life and education Dunant was born in Geneva, Switzerland,
the first son of businessman Jean-Jacques Dunant and Antoinette
Dunant-Colladon. His family was devoutly Calvinist and had
significant influence in Geneva society. His parents stressed the
value of social work, and his father was active helping orphans and
parolees, while his mother worked with the sick and poor.his dad
worked in a prison and a orphanage Dunant grew up during the period
of religious awakening known as the Réveil, and at age 18 he joined
the Geneva Society for Alms giving. In the following year, together
with friends, he founded the so-called "Thursday Association", a
loose band of young men that met to study the Bible and help the
poor, and he spent much of his free time engaged in prison visits
and social work. On November 30, 1852, he founded the Geneva
chapter of the YMCA and three years later he took part in the Paris
meeting devoted to the founding of its international organization.
In 1849, at age 21, Dunant was forced to leave the Collège Calvin
due to poor grades, and he began an apprenticeship with the
money-changing firm Lullin et Sautter. After its successful
conclusion, he remained as an employee of the bank. [edit]Algeria
In 1853, Dunant visited Algeria, Tunisia, and Sicily, on assignment
with a company devoted to the "colonies of Setif" (Compagnie
genevoise des Colonies de Sétif). Despite little experience, he
successfully fulfilled the assignment. Inspired by the trip, he
wrote his first book with the title An Account of the Regency in
Tunis (Notice sur la Régence de Tunis), published in 1858. In 1856,
he created a business to operate in foreign colonies, and, after
being granted a land concession by French-occupied Algeria, a
corn-growing and trading company called the Financial and
Industrial Company of Mons-Djémila Mills (Société financière et
industrielle des Moulins des Mons-Djémila). However, the land and
water rights were not clearly assigned, and the colonial
authorities were not especially cooperative. As a result, Dunant
decided to appeal directly to French emperor Napoléon III, who was
with his army in Lombardy at the time. France was fighting on the
side of Piedmont-Sardinia against Austria, who had occupied much of
today´s Italy. Napoleon´s headquarters were located in the small
city of Solferino. Dunant wrote a flattering book full of praise
for Napoleon III with the intention to present it to the emperor,
and then traveled to Solferino to meet with him personally.
[edit]The Battle of Solferino Dunant arrived on Solferino on the
evening of June 24, 1859, on the same day a battle between the two
sides had occurred nearby. Thirty-eight thousand wounded, dying and
dead, remained on the battlefield, and there appeared to be little
attempt to provide care. Shocked, Dunant himself took the
initiative to organize the civilian population, especially the
women and girls, to provide assistance to the injured and sick
soldiers. They lacked sufficient materials and supplies, and Dunant
himself organized the purchase of needed materials and helped erect
makeshift hospitals. He convinced the population to service the
wounded without regard to their side in the conflict as per the
slogan "Tutti fratelli" (All are brothers) coined by the women of
nearby city Castiglione delle Stiviere. He also succeeded in
gaining the release of Austrian doctors captured by the French.
[edit]The Red Cross After returning to Geneva early in July, Dunant
decided to write a book about his experiences, which he titled Un
Souvenir de Solferino (A Memory of Solferino). It was published in
1862 in an edition of 1,600 copies and was printed at Dunant´s own
expense. Within the book, he described the battle, its costs, and
the chaotic circumstances afterwards. He also developed the idea
that in the future a neutral organization should exist to provide
care to wounded soldiers. He distributed the book to many leading
political and military figures in Europe. Drawing of the five
founders of the International Committee. Dunant also began to
travel through Europe to promote his ideas. His book was largely
positively received, and the President of the Geneva Society for
Public Welfare, jurist Gustave Moynier, made the book and its
suggestions the topic of the February 9, 1863 meeting of the
organization. Dunant´s recommendations were examined and positively
assessed by the members. They created a five-person Committee to
further pursue the possibility of their implementation and made
Dunant one of the members. The others were Moynier, the Swiss army
general Henri Dufour, and doctors Louis Appia and Théodore Maunoir.
Their first meeting on February 17, 1863 is now considered the
founding date of the International Committee of the Red Cross. From
early on, Moynier and Dunant had increasing disagreements and
conflicts regarding their respective visions and plans. Moynier
considered Dunant´s idea to establish neutrality protections for
care providers infeasible and advised Dunant not to insist upon
this concept. However, Dunant continued to advocate this position
in his travels and conversations with high-ranking political and
military figures. This intensified the personal conflict between
Moynier, who took a rather pragmatic approach to the project, and
Dunant who was the visionary idealist among the five, and led to
efforts by Moynier to attack Dunant and his bid for leadership. In
October 1863, 14 states took part in a meeting in Geneva organized
by the committee to discuss the improvement of care for wounded
soldiers. Dunant himself, however, was only a protocol leader
because of Moynier´s efforts to diminish his role. A year later on
August 22, 1864, a diplomatic conference organized by the Swiss
Parliament led to the signing of the First Geneva Convention by 12
states. Dunant, again, was only in charge of organizing
accommodation for the attendees. [edit]Forgotten period Dunant´s
businesses in Algeria had suffered, partially because of his
devotion to his humanistic ideals. In April 1867, the bankruptcy of
the financial firm Crédit Genevois led to a scandal involving
Dunant. He was forced to declare bankruptcy and was condemned by
the Geneva Trade Court on August 17, 1868 for deceptive practices
in the bankruptcies. Due to their investments in the firm, his
family and many of his friends were also heavily affected by the
downfall of the company. The social outcry in Geneva, a city deeply
rooted in Calvinist traditions, also led to calls for him to
separate himself from the International Committee. On August 25,
1868, he resigned as Secretary and, on September 8, he was fully
removed from the Committee. Moynier, who had become President of
the Committee in 1864, played a major role in his expulsion. In
February 1868, Dunant´s mother died. Later that year he was also
expelled from the YMCA. In March 1867, he left his home city Geneva
and would not return for the rest of his life. In the following
years, Moynier likely used his influence to attempt to ensure that
Dunant would not receive assistance and support from his friends.
For example, the gold medal prize of Sciences Morales at the Paris
World´s Fair did not go to Dunant as originally planned but to
Moynier, Dufour, and Dunant together so that the prize money would
only go to the Committee as a whole. Napoléon III´s offer to take
over half of Dunant´s debts if Dunant´s friends would secure the
other half was also thwarted by Moynier´s efforts. Dunant moved to
Paris, where he lived in meager conditions. However, he continued
to pursue his humanitarian ideas and plans. During the
Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871), he founded the Common Relief
Society (Allgemeine Fürsorgegesellschaft) and soon after the Common
Alliance for Order and Civilization (Allgemeine Allianz für Ordnung
und Zivilisation). He argued for disarmament negotiations and for
the erection of an international court to mediate international
conflicts. Later he worked for the creation of a world library, an
idea which had echoes in future projects such as UNESCO. In his
continued pursuit and advocacy of his ideas, he further neglected
his personal situation and income, falling further in debt and
being shunned by his acquaintances. Despite being appointed an
honorary member of the national Red Cross societies of Austria, the
Netherlands, Sweden, Prussia and Spain, he was nearly forgotten in
the official discourse of the Red Cross Movement, even as it was
rapidly expanding to new countries. He lived in poverty, moving to
various places between 1874 and 1886, including Stuttgart, Rome,
Corfu, Basel, and Karlsruhe. In Stuttgart he met the Tübingen
University student Rudolf Müller with whom he would have a close
friendship. In 1881, together with friends from Stuttgart, he went
to the small Swiss resort village Heiden for the first time. In
1887 while living in London, he began to receive some monthly
financial support from some distant family members. This enabled
him to live a somewhat more secure existence, and he moved to
Heiden in July. He spent the rest of his life there, and after
April 30, 1892 he lived in a hospital and nursing home led by Dr.
Hermann Altherr. In Heiden, he met the young teacher Wilhelm
Sonderegger and his wife Susanna; they encouraged him to record his
life experiences. Sonderegger´s wife founded a branch of the Red
Cross in Heiden and in 1890 Dunant became its honorary president.
With Sonderegger, Dunant hoped to further promote his ideas,
including publishing a new edition of his book. However, their
friendship later was strained by Dunant´s unjustified accusations
that Sonderegger, with Moynier in Geneva, was somehow conspiring
against Dunant. Sonderegger died in 1904 at the age of only
forty-two. Despite their strained relationship, Dunant was deeply
moved by the unexpected death. Wilhelm and Susanna Sonderegger´s
admiration for Dunant, felt by both even after Dunant´s
allegations, was passed on to their children. In 1935, their son
René published a compilation of letters from Dunant to his father.
[edit]Return to public memory In September 1895, Georg Baumberger,
the chief editor of the St. Gall newspaper Die Ostschweiz, wrote an
article about the Red Cross founder, whom he had met and conversed
with during a walk in Heiden a month earlier. The article entitled
"Henri Dunant, the founder of the Red Cross", appeared in the
German Illustrated Magazine Über Land und Meer, and the article was
soon reprinted in other publications throughout Europe. The article
struck a chord, and he received renewed attention and support. He
received the Swiss Binet-Fendt Prize and a note from Pope Leo XIII.
Because of support from Russian tsarist widow Maria Feodorovna and
other donations, his financial situation improved remarkably. In
1897, Rudolf Müller, who was now working as a teacher in Stuttgart,
wrote a book about the origins of the Red Cross, altering the
official history to stress Dunant´s role. The book also contained
the text of A Memory of Solferino. Dunant began an exchange of
correspondence with Bertha von Suttner and wrote numerous articles
and writings. He was especially active in writing about women´s
rights, and in 1897 facilitated the founding of a "Green Cross"
women´s organization whose only section was briefly active in
Brussels. [edit]Nobel Peace Prize Dunant in 1901 In 1901, Dunant
was awarded the first-ever Nobel Peace Prize for his role in
founding the International Red Cross Movement and initiating the
Geneva Convention. Norwegian military physician Hans Daae, who had
received a copy of Müller´s book, advocated Dunant´s case on the
Nobel committee. The award was jointly given to French pacifist
Frédéric Passy, founder of the Peace League and active with Dunant
in the Alliance for Order and Civilization. The official
congratulations which he received from the International Committee
finally represented the rehabilitation of Dunant´s reputation:
"There is no man who more deserves this honour, for it was you,
forty years ago, who set on foot the international organization for
the relief of the wounded on the battlefield. Without you, the Red
Cross, the supreme humanitarian achievement of the nineteenth
century would probably have never been undertaken." Moynier and the
International Committee as a whole had also been nominated for the
prize. Although Dunant was supported by a broad spectrum in the
selection process, he was still a controversial candidate. Some
argued that the Red Cross and the Geneva Convention had made war
more attractive and imaginable by eliminating some of its
suffering. Therefore Müller, in a letter to the committee, argued
that the prize should be divided between Dunant and Passy, who for
some time in the debate had been the leading candidate to be the
sole recipient of the prize. Müller also suggested that if a prize
were to be warranted for Dunant, it should be given immediately
because of his advanced age and ill health. By dividing the prize
between Passy, a pacifist, and Dunant, a humanitarian, the Nobel
Committee set a precedent for the conditions of the Nobel Peace
Prize selection which would have significant consequences in later
years. A section of Nobel´s will had indicated that the prize
should go to an individual who had worked to reduce or eliminate
standing armies, or directly to promote peace conferences, which
made Passy a natural choice for his peace work. On the other hand,
the arguably distinct bestowal for humanitarian effort alone was
seen by some as a wide interpretation of Nobel´s will. However,
another part of Nobel´s testament marked the prize for the
individual who had best enhanced the "brotherhood of people," which
could be interpreted more generally as seeing humanitarian work
like Dunant´s as connected to peacemaking as well. Many recipients
of the Nobel Peace Prize in later years can be assigned to either
of these two categories first roughly established by the Nobel
committee´s decision in 1901. Hans Daae succeeded in placing
Dunant´s part of the prize money, 104,000 Swiss Francs, in a
Norwegian Bank and preventing access by his creditors. Dunant
himself never spent any of the money during his lifetime.
[edit]Death and legacy Grave of Henry Dunant. Henry Dunant Monument
in Wagga Wagga, Australia Among several other awards in the
following years, in 1903 Dunant was given an honorary doctorate by
the medical faculty of the University of Heidelberg. He lived in
the nursing home in Heiden until his death. In the final years of
his life, he suffered from depression and paranoia about pursuit by
his creditors and Moynier. There were even days when Dunant
insisted that the cook of the nursing home first taste his food
before his eyes to protect him against possible poisoning. Although
he continued to profess Christian beliefs, in his final years he
spurned and attacked Calvinism and organized religion generally.
According to his nurses, the final act of his life was to send a
copy of Müller´s book to the Italian queen with a personal
dedication. He died on October 30, 1910, and his final words were
"Where has humanity gone?" He outlived his nemesis Moynier by just
two months. Despite the ICRC´s congratulations at the bestowal of
the Nobel prize, the two rivals never reached a reconciliation.
According to his wishes, he was buried without ceremony in the
Sihlfeld Cemetery in Zurich. In his will, he donated funds to
secure a "free bed" in the Heiden nursing home always to be
available for a poor citizen of the region and deeded some money to
friends and charitable organizations in Norway and Switzerland. The
remaining funds went to his creditors partially relieving his debt;
his inability to fully erase his debts was a major burden to him
until his death. His birthday, May 8, is celebrated as the World
Red Cross and Red Crescent Day. The former nursing home in Heiden
now houses the Henry Dunant Museum. In Geneva and other places
there are numerous streets, squares, and schools named after him.
The Henry Dunant Medal, awarded every two years by the standing
commission of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
is its highest decoration. His life is represented, with some
fictional elements, in the film D´homme à hommes (1948), starring
Jean-Louis Barrault, and the period of his life when the Red Cross
was founded in the international film coproduction Henry Dunant:
Red on the Cross (2006). In 2010 the Takarazuka Revue staged a
musical based on his time in Solferino and the founding of the Red
Cross entitled ??????????? (Dawn at Solferino, or Where has
Humanity Gone?). [edit]See also International Red Cross and Red
Crescent Movement Dunantist.
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